凝聚性酵母的胶体特性

运用ＤＬＶＯ学说、分子运动学说及流变学理论和技术,阐述了啤酒酵母凝聚的胶体特性,重点讨论了凝聚性酵母悬浮液中细胞相互作用、同向凝聚速率、流变特性及其测定;研究结果表明：上面酵母在５℃比２５℃的凝聚能力降低了２１．５％;凝聚性上面和下面啤酒酵母的悬浮液均表现为宾汉流体特性,其屈服应力分别为３．８和１．７Ｐａ,塑性粘度分别为８．０和１１．５ｍＰａ·ｓ,均高于非凝聚性的酵母菌株;对凝聚性上面酵母的含时性试验证明在剪切速率为２００Ｓ－１时,随着剪切时间延长,细胞凝块浓度的对数呈线性下降。     

Dietary copper/zinc-loaded montmorillonite improved growth performance and intestinal barrier and changed gut microbiota in weaned piglets

The effects of copper/zinc-loaded montmorillonite (Cu/Zn-Mt) on growth performance, intestinal barrier and gut microbiota of weaned pigs were investigated in the present study. A total of 108 piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire; 6.36 kg; weaned at 21 ± 1 d age) were used in this experiment. The pigs were randomly assigned to three treatments with six replicates, six pigs in each replicate. The three treatments were as follows: (1) control group: basal diet; (2) Cu/Zn-Mt group: basal diet supplemented with 39 mg/kg Cu and 75 mg/kg Zn as Cu/Zn-Mt; and (3) Cu +Zn +Mt group: basal diet supplemented with the mixture of copper sulphate, zinc sulphate and montmorillonite (equivalent to the copper and zinc in the Cu/Zn-Mt treatment). The results indicated that, compared with the pigs from control group, average daily gain and gain: feed ratio were increased and the faecal score on days 7 and 14 after weaning was decreased by supplementation of Cu/Zn-Mt; intestinal transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and expressions of tight junction protein claudin-1 and zonula occludens-1 were increased, and intestinal permeability of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4 kDa was decreased by supplementation with Cu/Zn-Mt. According to the Illumina-based sequencing results, Cu/Zn-Mt supplementation increased the relative abundance of core bacteria (Lactococcus, Bacillus) at genus level and decreased the potentially pathogenic bacteria (Streptococcus and Pseudomonas) in colon of weaned piglets. However, the piglets fed with the mixture of copper sulphate, zinc sulphate and montmorillonite showed no effects in above parameters in comparison with the pigs from control group. In conclusion, dietary Cu/Zn-Mt could improve growth performance, decrease the diarrhoea and improve intestinal barrier and bacterial communities of weaned pigs. The results indicated that ‘loading’ of montmorillonite with Zn and Cu changed not only its chemical but also its nutritional properties.     

Na~+、Ca~(2+)及Na~+-Ca~(2+)混合离子对胡敏酸胶体稳定性的影响

以胡敏酸为研究对象,通过光散射技术比较土壤中常见盐基离子(Na~+、Ca~(2+)和Na~+-Ca~(2+)混合三种电解质)不同浓度条件下胡敏酸胶体凝聚动力学过程,明确不同价态离子界面行为和陪补离子效应对胡敏酸分散稳定性和凝聚体结构的影响。结果发现,Na~+和Ca~(2+)对胡敏酸胶体聚沉能力的差异远远大于舒尔策-哈迪(Schulze-Hardy)规则中因其化合价不同所引起的差异;Na~+-Ca~(2+)混合体系中Ca~(2+)主导凝聚过程,且Na~+-Ca~(2+)混合与Ca~(2+)两种离子体系中凝聚现象的差异随离子浓度的降低而增大;混合离子体系中Na~+作为陪补离子,其陪补离子效应对临界聚沉浓度、颗粒间活化能和胡敏酸凝聚体结构均有一定影响,尤以对凝聚体的结构特征影响显著;Na~+-Ca~(2+)混合体系中胡敏酸凝聚体的结构紧实程度介于单纯离子体系之间,因此可通过调节溶液中的离子组成实现对凝聚体结构紧实程度的调控。上述结果表明,Ca~(2+)对胡敏酸的聚沉不仅依赖于静电作用,还有Ca~(2+)在强电场中的极化诱导其与胡敏酸表面含氧官能团之间发生的共价键和桥键的贡献;此外,陪补离子Na~+与Ca~(2+)在胡敏酸胶体表面的竞争吸附抑制了Ca~(2+)对胡敏酸的聚沉作用,从而形成紧实程度适中的结构体。研究结果为探究胶体界面反应及土壤胶体凝聚机制提供新的思路和理论。     

基于Zeta电位法分析新生亚硫酸钙对蔗汁胶体的吸附特性

【目的】从Zeta电位的角度考察新生亚硫酸钙对蔗汁胶体的吸附规律,为适时监测和优化制糖澄清工艺提供新途径。【方法】通过模拟亚硫酸法制糖澄清工艺,探讨新生亚硫酸钙吸附蔗汁胶体过程中Zeta电位的变化规律及其与新生亚硫酸钙对蔗汁胶体吸附量（Qe）的相关性。【结果】随着p H和胶体浓度的升高,Zeta电位和新生亚硫酸钙对蔗汁胶体的Qe逐渐增大;随着Zeta电位的增大,新生亚硫酸钙对蔗汁胶体的Qe也逐渐增加。新生亚硫酸钙对胶体的吸附等温线采用Freundlich模型拟合时,其拟合参数R^2大于Langmuir模型的拟合参数R^2。【结论】新生亚硫酸钙对蔗汁胶体吸附特性更符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,且新生亚硫酸钙对蔗汁胶体的Qe与其Zeta电位呈正相关。     

腐殖酸对蒙脱石吸附镉离子的影响机理研究

实验研究了腐殖酸存在下重金属元素镉(Cd2 )在蒙脱石表面的吸附过程,对比研究了两种不同腐殖酸对吸附机理的影响。结果表明,重金属离子在蒙脱石表面的吸附作用受介质pH的影响。加入腐殖酸后吸附产生滞后现象,蒙脱石先吸附腐殖酸,之后转变为腐殖酸和蒙脱石共同吸附Cd2 作用,吸附量较单独吸附过程更大。吸附机理与腐殖酸的投加量和投加方式有关。     

不同钝化机制矿物对土壤重金属的钝化效果及微生物响应

为探讨石灰石、蒙脱石两种不同钝化机制矿物施加对土壤重金属的钝化效果和土壤环境健康的影响,利用盆栽试验,通过常规测定方法和16S rRNA高通量测序手段,分析土壤酶活性和微生物群落结构的变化,并结合土壤重金属有效性、水稻富集系数和转运系数等指标,研究两种矿物施加后土壤的环境功能响应及其影响机制。结果表明:施加石灰石显著降低了土壤Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的有效性,降低幅度依次为Zn(99.1%)Cd(91.4%)Cu(85.6%)Pb(46.1%),并显著降低了Cd、Zn的富集系数(43.4%～85.5%)和转运系数(Cd 62.5%、Zn 30.0%),而施加蒙脱石使土壤Pb的有效性降低幅度达19.5%,但其含量与对照差异不显著;施加石灰石显著提高了土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性,均为对照(不施加钝化剂)的1.6倍,施加蒙脱石后土壤过氧化氢酶活性显著提高(为对照的1.4倍),但脲酶活性没有明显变化;施加蒙脱石对土壤微生物多样性和微生物群落结构影响较小,但施加石灰石后,土壤微生物多样性指数显著增加,且f_Gemmatimonadaceae、f_BIrii41和c_KD4-96等有益微生物属的丰度明显提高。研究表明,与通过吸附对重金属钝化的蒙脱石相比,石灰石通过提升土壤pH,不但能更有效地降低土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn等重金属的生物有效性,还能提升土壤酶活性和微生物的多样性,从而改善土壤健康状况,其中土壤pH、有效磷和有机质含量是影响微生物群落结构的关键因素。     

离子强度及pH对不同类型土壤中胶体释放的影响

采用实验室土柱纵向淋溶法,研究了离子强度及pH变化对常熟乌栅土原状、扰动土柱以及东北黑土、江西红壤扰动土柱土壤胶体释放的影响。结果表明离子强度变化对我国不同类型土壤胶体释放影响不同：淋洗液电解质为NaCl时,对于常熟乌栅土以及东北黑土,离子强度减小促进胶体的释放,反之抑制胶体的释放;对于江西红壤,离子强度变化对土壤胶体释放则不产生影响。淋洗液电解质为CaCl2条件下,土壤胶体的释放量低于淋洗液为NaCl,且离子强度变化对三种土壤胶体的释放均不产生明显影响。相同条件下,常熟乌栅土及东北黑土胶体释放量远远大于江西红壤,pH变化则对上述类型土壤胶体释放的影响不明显。研究结果有助于进一步阐明水化学条件的变化对我国不同类型土壤胶体释放的影响规律。     

不同阴离子溶液中怀俄明州蒙脱石的Na-Zn交换选择性

The effect of background anion on cation exchange reactions, such as Na-Ca and Na-Cu exchange reactions, on montmorillonites has been studied, but the results are not always clear and discrepancies exist in the literature. In this study, the exchange of zinc (Zn²⁺) for sodium (Na⁺) on Wyoming montmorillonite was investigated at 298°K using Cl^-, ClO₄^-, NO₃^-, OAc^-, and SO₄^2- solution media at a constant total metal charge concentration of 0.0200 molc L^-1. Results indicated that the clay CEC values were essential similar for Cl^-, ClO₄^-, NO₃^- and SO₄^2- solution media with an average CEC of 0.856 ± 0.008 molc kg^-1; in an OAc⁺ solution the clay CEC was much higher than that in other anion media. The specific adsorption of Zn (SAZn), as defined by the extraction of Zn using 0.05mol L^-1 Na₂-EDTA, was different in the various background solutions. The highest value for SAZn was 0.359 ± 0.0350molc kg^-1, which occurred in OAc-solution. There was essentially no difference in the total apparent adsorbed metals (the sum of adsorbed equivalents of Na and Zn per kilogram of clay, Q) among the various background solutions. The average Q for all anion media was 0.807 ± 0.011 mol_c kg^-1 and was independent of exchanger composition. Experimental results indicated that there were no significant monovalent cation complexes such as ZnCl⁺ or ZnNO₃⁺ that were adsorbed by montmorillonite. The Na-Zn exchange isotherms indicated that there was an adsorption preference for Zn over Na on Wyoming montmorillonite.     

柱状蒙脱石对环境污染物的吸附研究

Both inorganic and organic pillared montmorillonites were used to adsorb phenol.Batch kinetics and isoterm studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of equilibrium time and pH on adsorption of phenol by montmorillonites and re-adsorbing characteristics of pillared montmorillonites.The adsorption of phenol increased with increasing solution pH values.The elimination ratio of phenol from the solution by the absorption of organic modified pillared montmorillonte(OrPMt），reached equilibrium quickly after vi-brating for 5miuntes ,Meanwhile for organic montmorillonte(OrPMt),pillared montmorillonite(PMt) and montmorillonite(Mt),the time of reach phenol-absortion equilibrium were 20,30 and 90 minutes ,respectively,The adsorbing capacity of the pillaed montmorillonite modified with surfactant improved greatly. The phenol-adsorbing capacity of pillared montmorillonites mailnly depended on microporous struchure and surface component of the modified clays. Ater calcination at 500℃,the pillar structure and the basal spacing (1.83nm)were still stable .So the pillared montmorillonite could be recycled,and it was a potential material for adsorbing environmental pollutants.     

磁处理对〈2μm土壤胶体比表面的影响

本文主要研究了棕壤和黑土〈２μｍ土壤胶体经磁处理后，比表面值的变化以及腐殖质、游离氧化铁、磁场强度及胶体水分子持量等对比表面值磁效应的影响。研究结果表明，磁处理（０．１￣０．５Ｔ）可明显降低土壤胶体比表面值。不同胶体的比表面值磁降低效应以去腐殖质胶体〉原胶体〉去游离氧化铁胶体为序。不同磁场强度和不同胶体水分子持量分别以０．５Ｔ的磁场和最大吸湿状态下，磁处理后比表面值降低最多。此磁效应可至少保持３个